Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. For this are several indications. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern Russia and the Caucasus, as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and South West Asia, especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Distribution. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. ), International Society of Genetic Genealogy, List of genetic results derived from historical figures, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa, "Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus", Atlas of the Human Journey: Haplogroup G (M201), "The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups", "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia", "Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans", "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination", "Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities", "From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm", "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau", "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", "Y Chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan", "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", "Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-Gatherer and Farmer Y-Chromosomes", "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup", "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan", "Chromosome Diversity Characterizes the Gulf of Oman", "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", "Geographical Structure of the Y-Chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A Coastal-Inland Contrast", "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape", "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", "Kinship and Y-Chromosome Analysis of 7th Century Human Remains: Novel DNA Extraction and Typing Procedure for Ancient Material", "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=20173662, "..Project Rosters - Haplogroup G Project", "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood", "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations", "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", http://ymap.ftdna.com/cgi-bin/gbrowse_details/hs_chrY?name=L240;class=Sequence;ref=ChrY;start=3191153;end=3191153;feature_id=40369, "Improved Resolution Haplogroup G Phylogeny in the Y Chromosome, Revealed by a Set of Newly Characterized SNPs", "Identification of the remains of King Richard III", https://haplogroup.info/all-ancient-dna-full.xlsx, "Results from the Hamman Family Y-Chromosome DNA Tests", "Haplogroup G2a (Y-chromosomal DNA) - Eupedia", Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its subclades from the current year ISOGG haplotree. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. It is provided at the request of readers. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Its age is between 7,700 and . G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Semino et al. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Article P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Peter A Underhill. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L.